As a language service company offering translation, localisation and voiceover services, we find it useful when clients understand our language and concepts. In this series of short articles, we will present fundamental concepts of linguistics, that will help non-linguists relate with the tools and concepts of linguists. In this part, we will discuss the different aspects or levels at which language operates. This will provide us an integrated overview us help us appreciate the various functions of language.
Letters & Sounds
The letter (or a stroke or a diacritic) and corresponding sounds (consonants and vowels) are the minutest elements of language. Writing systems or alphabets are part of a discipline called SEMIOTICS. The science of sounds is called PHONETICS (and PHONOLOGY from the listener’s perspective).
At the level of sounds and letters, there is no role of grammar and meaning. We only study or apply how sounds are created, perceived and used in language, and how they are recorded in the alphabet of a language.
This is the primary area of language study, taught in kindergarten, or in an elementary language class, or in a call center training, when trying to improve pronunciation, diction and accent.
Word-Parts
Sounds are combined to form syllables and partial words, which in turn play a role in creating complete words. Look at the portions marked in red in the sentences below.
These part-words are suffixes, prefixes or in-fixes that add a dimension to the meaning of a word. They will add a dimension of tense, continuity or completedness, gender and number, to the main word. This is what is generally known as grammatical or morpho-syntactical meaning.
One will most likely NOT find such partial words listed in the dictionary, but only find their references in books of grammar and tables of conjugation and inflection.
This area of study is called MORPHOLOGY, or the study of the structure and formation of words.
See another example of the word “plant” and how morpho-syntactic meaning can be added with the help of partial words:
Complete Words
From word structure, we move to the level of the complete word. Every complete word has a meaning. It represents a thing, an action, a description or a concept. At this level we deal with the meaning of words, or what they represent. We are referring to what in technical terms is called lexical meaning, or semantic meaning.
This is studied in the branch of linguistics that is SEMANTICS. It deals with ideational meanings and associative connotations, and how words could be perceived and interpreted. This is perhaps the most commonly focused area in the study of translations, where translators try to find equivalents for words, ideas and concepts in the other language.
This is also the area where translators can get trapped, because we only deal with the literal meaning of words and not the co-textual, contextual and figurative meanings.
Utterances & Sentences
Words have little value in isolation. All the preceding elements of language, realise their utility when used in combination with each other. They could be meaningful utterances or complete sentences.
Examples of non-sentential utterances:
Run! Sit!
Danger!
No!
We bring together words in combinations to communicate with each other. At the level of the sentence, rules of grammar apply. These are rules of word order, and inflections based on time, gender, and number.
Here we study grammar, also known as SYNTAX. This covers the rules of tenses and moods. By tenses we mean the past, present and future. By mood, we mean whether a sentence is a statement, a command, or an expression of possibility.
For example:
- a. The man bought her a diamond ring. He does so every year.
- b. My dear man – please go buy me a diamond ring.
- c. The man would have bought her a ring, if he had enough money.
In a, we are talking about what really happens. It’s called the indicative mood.
In b, we see how the wife is giving her man an instruction – called the imperative mood of language.
In c, we see how we are exploring an idea that has not happened, but we still talk about possibilities – it is called the subjunctive, and, in some languages, the conjunctive or conditional mood.
Text, ConText, Co-Text
When sentences come together in a conversation or a text such as this, greater things are achieved. A text can mean and achieve much more than the sum its constituent sentences. Because the text may create an impact due to the context in which it is used, and the purpose to which it is put. Now, this sounds like a philosophical idea. So let us make it simpler to understand.
We are by now familiar with the example of the rich man. Let us compare two texts involving identical sentences:
When one reads the sentence in Text A, it appears like the presentation of a fact. However, if we read the same sentence in text B, we get the impression that this is not about a man, but a principle of life. The context and therefore the function of the same sentence changes.
At this level we graduate from the literal to the contextual and figurative meanings of words, sentences and idioms. The focus is no longer on words or sentences, but on texts as a unit.
This is an area of language studies known as TEXT LINGUISTICS. Related to this area of study are conversation analysis, rhetoric and stylistics.
Para-Linguistic Aspect of Language
Having appreciated the various levels at which language operates, from meaningless sounds to consequent texts, let us also distinguish between the linguistic and paralinguistic aspects.
The linguistic aspect relates to words and meaning. The paralinguistic relates to style and manner of use, how words are pronounced and to what use they are put.
Paralinguistic features can be at the level of phonetics, concerning with pitch, modulation, pace, and accent. This is called the study of PROSODY.
At a complex level we analyze the context of words beyond the literal meaning. When meaning is attributed by who is saying the words and to whom, or why and where, socio-economic, psycho-social and interpersonal dynamics come into the picture. This is an area of study we call PRAGMATICS.
At WordPar, we engage translators, linguists, technicians and artistes who have a strong foundation and understanding of linguistics as a discipline. The various theories, techniques and principles of translation are essential to delivery high quality translation. We pride ourselves in the fact that our translators are also academicians and highly competent linguists.
To read other articles, case studies, process documents, you can visit our blog: https://www.wordpar.com/blog/
465 views
The post Language Decoded – Aspects of Language appeared first on Wordpar.